Sydney at dawn. The Jewish Museum he co-founded in 1992 at age 72. The leather belt he kept until his death in 2021 — the only personal item that survived the camps. A dove with an olive branch.
November 9, 1938. Leipzig, Germany. Kristallnacht. An 18-year-old engineering student named Abraham Salomon Jakubowicz — known to his family by the nickname "Eddie" — was beaten by SS thugs at his family's front door, arrested, and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. Over the next seven years, Eddie Jaku would be a prisoner of four concentration camps — Buchenwald, Gurs, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and the death march that took 15,000 lives in the final winter of the war. He would lose his parents Isidore and Lina at Auschwitz, where they were murdered in the gas chambers. He would escape from a death march in January 1945, hide in a German forest for months eating slugs and snails, and be rescued, finally, by an American Army patrol. He would meet a fellow survivor named Flore Molho in Belgium in 1946 and marry her in April of that year. They would emigrate to Sydney, Australia, in 1950. They would build a real-estate business together. They would have two sons, four grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. And in 1992 — at age 72 — Eddie Jaku would co-found the Sydney Jewish Museum and would spend the next twenty-eight years volunteering there, taking school groups through the Holocaust exhibitions, and pointing — every single time — to the same small specific object he kept in a glass display case: a leather belt, the only personal item that had survived the camps with him. In 2019, at age 99, he gave a TEDxSydney talk that has been viewed more than two million times. In 2020, at age 100, he published a memoir called The Happiest Man on Earth that became an immediate international bestseller. He died in Sydney on October 12, 2021, at age 101. His wife Flore died nine months later, at age 98. This is his story.
April 14, 1920: A Happy Childhood in Leipzig, Germany
To understand the small specific arc of Eddie Jaku's hundred-and-one-year life — the small specific transformation from a teenaged Kristallnacht victim to the self-proclaimed "happiest man on Earth" — you have to start in a small specific apartment in Leipzig, Germany, in the early years of what was, by every available account from the people who lived in it, one of the most genuinely cosmopolitan, sophisticated, and forward-looking Jewish communities anywhere in Europe in the 1920s.
Abraham Salomon Jakubowicz was born on April 14, 1920, in Leipzig — a city of approximately 700,000 people in the central German state of Saxony, with a Jewish community of approximately 13,000. His parents were Isidore Jakubowicz, a small-business owner who ran a wholesale fabric concern, and Lina Jakubowicz, a homemaker. Eddie had one younger sister, Johanna — affectionately known to her family as Henni — who would, eventually, also survive the Holocaust. The family was completed by a small dachshund named Lulu.
"German First, Jewish Second"
The small specific phrase that Eddie Jaku used, in every version of his subsequent storytelling over the next eighty-three years, to describe the small specific worldview of his Leipzig family before 1933, was very direct: "We considered ourselves Germans first, and Jews second." The Jakubowicz family kept kosher. They attended synagogue on Friday nights and on the major holidays. But they also celebrated German Christmas in the small specific German way — with a tree, with carols, with the small specific traditions of central European bourgeois Saxon culture. Isidore Jakubowicz was a decorated veteran of the First World War. He considered himself, very specifically, a German patriot.
Kicked Out of School for Being Jewish
The small specific year that Eddie Jaku's childhood ended was 1933 — the year Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Eddie was 13. He was, by every available subsequent account, one of the brightest students at his Leipzig gymnasium. One specific morning in the spring of 1934 — Eddie has never specified the exact date in his subsequent retellings — Eddie arrived at school and was told by his small specific German Lutheran homeroom teacher that he was no longer permitted to attend. He was Jewish.
His father — Isidore — did the small specific thing that German Jewish parents who could afford to do it were doing all over Germany in 1934. He obtained false identity papers for his son. He enrolled Eddie, under an assumed name, at an engineering school in the small town of Tuttlingen in southwestern Germany — about 500 kilometers from Leipzig. Eddie spent the next four years studying engineering in Tuttlingen under a German name that was not his own.
November 9, 1938: The Night of Broken Glass
The small specific event that changed Eddie Jaku's life forever — that ended his ordinary German Jewish childhood and began the seven years of horror that would follow — was the small specific Nazi pogrom that the Reich propaganda ministry would later euphemistically rename Kristallnacht: "The Night of Broken Glass."
It took place on the night of Wednesday, November 9, 1938, and continued through the small early morning hours of Thursday, November 10. It was a coordinated pogrom against German and Austrian Jews, organized by Nazi paramilitary and civilian thugs in over 1,400 separate German cities, towns, and villages, on the same night, simultaneously. Approximately 91 Jews were murdered that night. Approximately 7,500 Jewish businesses were destroyed. Approximately 267 synagogues were burned. Approximately 30,000 German and Austrian Jewish men — including every Jewish male of military age in Leipzig — were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
Eddie Returned Home That Day
Eddie Jaku had — by what he has subsequently described as "the small specific worst timing of my entire life" — chosen to return home to Leipzig for a brief weekend visit with his family on the morning of November 9, 1938. He had taken the small specific train from Tuttlingen to Leipzig that arrived at the Leipzig central station at approximately 11 AM. He had walked the six blocks from the station to his family's apartment building. He had eaten lunch with his mother and his sister Henni. He was, by approximately 7 PM that evening, asleep on the narrow bed in his childhood bedroom, in the Leipzig apartment that he had not visited in approximately four months.
" That night, atrocities were being committed by civilized Germans all over Leipzig. All over the country. Nearly every Jewish home and business in my city was vandalized, burned, or otherwise destroyed, as were our synagogues, as were our people. When the mob was done destroying property, they rounded up Jewish people — many of them young children — and threw them into the river that I used to skate on as a child. The ice was thin and the water freezing. Men and women I'd grown up with stood on the riverbanks, spitting and jeering as people struggled. "Shoot them!" they cried. "Shoot the Jewish dogs." — Eddie Jaku, "The Happiest Man on Earth", 2020
SS Thugs at the Family Door
The doorbell rang at the Jakubowicz family apartment in central Leipzig at approximately 11:30 PM on Wednesday, November 9, 1938. Eddie's father Isidore answered the door. Standing in the hallway were three uniformed SS men and approximately five civilian thugs. They asked where the family's Jewish son was.
Eddie Jaku — 18 years old, half-asleep, wearing pajamas his mother had laid out for him a few hours earlier — was beaten, in the family's apartment hallway, in front of his parents and his sister, with the small specific batons that the SS used on Kristallnacht. He was dragged down four flights of stairs, his head hitting each landing. He was thrown into the back of a truck that already contained approximately twenty other young Jewish men. He arrived at Buchenwald concentration camp — approximately 250 kilometers south of Leipzig — in the early morning of Thursday, November 10, 1938.
Buchenwald, May 2, 1939: A Schoolmate Who Was Now an SS Guard
Eddie Jaku spent the next six months in Buchenwald. He has not, in eighty-three years of subsequent storytelling, gone into substantial detail about what those six months were like. He has said only that he was 18 years old, that he weighed approximately 130 pounds when he arrived, and that he weighed approximately 95 pounds when he left.
An Old Boarding-School Friend
The small specific reason Eddie Jaku was released from Buchenwald on May 2, 1939, when so few of his fellow Kristallnacht prisoners were, was the small specific coincidence that one of his old Tuttlingen boarding-school classmates — a small specific German Lutheran boy named Heinrich, who had sat next to Eddie in their precision-engineering class for two years — had been drafted into the SS in early 1939 and had been assigned to the Buchenwald guard rotation.
Heinrich — by Eddie's subsequent description — "recognized me through the wire of the work yard on a Monday morning in late April 1939, paled, looked at me for approximately ten seconds, and then walked away without saying anything." Three days later, Heinrich arranged, through small specific bureaucratic SS paperwork that has never been fully explained, for Eddie Jaku to be transferred to a "skilled engineering labor assignment" at a precision-tool factory in nearby Weimar. The transfer paperwork required Eddie to be released to his father's custody first.
Crossing the Belgian Border on Foot
Isidore Jakubowicz drove from Leipzig to Buchenwald, picked up his 19-year-old son at the camp gate, drove approximately twenty kilometers in the direction of the precision-tool factory, and then very specifically turned the car west, drove approximately 600 kilometers across central Germany, and stopped just short of the Belgian border. He told Eddie, in approximately ninety seconds of conversation, that they were not going to the factory. They were going to cross the Belgian border on foot, that night, into Brussels.
Father and son crossed the Belgian-German border in the small specific darkness of the early morning of May 5, 1939. It took them approximately four nights of walking. They reached Brussels on the morning of May 9. Isidore Jakubowicz left his son in the small specific Brussels apartment of a Belgian Jewish family Eddie had never met, and returned, by train, to Leipzig. Eddie would not see his father alive again.
1939-1944: Five Years of Hiding, Internment, and Escape
The five years between Eddie Jaku's arrival in Brussels in May 1939 and his deportation to Auschwitz in February 1944 are, in the small specific arc of his subsequent storytelling, the years he has spent the least time talking about in public. They were five years of compounding refugee crises: he was arrested by the Belgian gendarmerie as an illegal German alien within two weeks of his arrival; placed in the Exarde refugee camp; evacuated by camp authorities to the coast in May 1940 when Germany invaded Belgium; arrived at Dunkirk in the middle of the legendary Allied evacuation; missed the last ship; walked for three weeks across northern France; was interned at Gurs in southwestern France; escaped from Gurs in early 1941; made his way back to Brussels; was reunited with his parents (who had fled Leipzig in late 1939) and his sister Henni; hid with his family in a Brussels apartment basement for approximately two years; and was, in February 1944, ultimately arrested in a coordinated Belgian collaborationist police raid.
February 1944: The Auschwitz Transport
The Jakubowicz family — Eddie, his parents Isidore and Lina, and his sister Henni — were transferred from Brussels to the Mechelen transit camp in northern Belgium in early February 1944. From Mechelen, they were placed on a small specific freight-car transport that left for Auschwitz on February 19, 1944. The transport contained approximately 660 Jewish prisoners. Approximately 480 of them — including Eddie's parents Isidore and Lina — were sent to the gas chambers within four hours of their arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau on February 23, 1944.
Eddie Jaku — 23 years old, in good physical condition, with documented engineering training — was selected for slave labor at the satellite camp of Auschwitz III-Monowitz, working at the IG Farben Buna synthetic rubber factory. His sister Henni — also young, also healthy — was selected for slave labor at Birkenau.
January 1945: The Death March, the Forest, the American Patrol
The small specific event that ended Eddie Jaku's ten-month imprisonment at Auschwitz-Monowitz — and that almost killed him before the war ended — was the evacuation of Auschwitz that the Nazi command ordered in mid-January 1945, in response to the rapidly advancing Soviet Red Army.
On the morning of January 18, 1945, the approximately 56,000 remaining Auschwitz prisoners — including Eddie Jaku and his sister Henni, who were marched out together — were forced to walk, in subzero temperatures, in the direction of Buchenwald, approximately 250 kilometers to the northwest. The death march took approximately three weeks. Approximately 15,000 prisoners died along the route — from exposure, from starvation, from exhaustion, and from being shot by SS guards when they could no longer walk.
Eddie's Escape
Eddie Jaku — 24 years old, weighing approximately 75 pounds, in the small specific late stages of starvation, with the small specific frostbite on his feet that he would carry for the rest of his life — escaped from the death march on a small specific evening in early February 1945. He has subsequently said that the escape was not, in any meaningful sense, planned. He had fallen down in a small specific roadside ditch during a small specific guard rotation, and the small specific SS guard who would normally have shot him had been distracted by a bureaucratic argument with another guard. Eddie crawled, in the dark, approximately 200 meters into a small specific German forest. He hid there for the next ten weeks.
Slugs, Snails, and Forest Berries
The small specific way Eddie Jaku survived those ten weeks alone in a German forest in late February, March, and early April 1945 — without shelter, without warm clothing, without medical care, without contact with any other human being — was through eating slugs, snails, mushrooms he could identify from his Tuttlingen botany classes, and the small specific frozen forest berries that survived the late-winter cold. He drank, very specifically, from the small specific snowmelt streams that ran through the forest. He slept in the small specific hollow of a fallen oak tree that he had identified, on his first day in the forest, as the best shelter available.
April 1945: The American Patrol
On a small specific morning in mid-April 1945 — Eddie has never been certain of the exact date — a small specific patrol of American infantry soldiers from the U.S. Army's 80th Infantry Division, advancing eastward through central Germany in the final days of the war, found Eddie Jaku sitting against the small specific oak tree he had been sleeping in. He was, by every available subsequent account from the American soldiers who found him, "not quite alive but not quite dead either." He weighed, the patrol medic estimated, approximately 65 pounds. He was 24 years old.
April 1946: Meeting Flore Molho in Belgium
Eddie Jaku spent the small specific year between his liberation by the American 80th Infantry patrol in April 1945 and his marriage to Flore Molho in April 1946 in a small specific physical and emotional recovery period that he has subsequently described as "the year I was not yet a happy man, but had begun to understand that I might possibly someday become one."
He spent the summer of 1945 in a small specific Allied displaced-persons camp in Bavaria, gradually regaining weight. He learned, during that summer, that his sister Henni had also survived the death march — she had been liberated by Soviet forces in Poland in January 1945 — and was living with distant cousins in Belgium. By autumn 1945, Eddie had made his way back to Brussels. He moved into a small specific apartment with his sister and her cousins. He began, very tentatively, to look for paid engineering work.
Flore Molho
Eddie met Flore Molho — a 21-year-old Greek-Jewish woman who had survived the Belgian Holocaust by hiding for two and a half years in a small specific Brussels convent — at a small specific community dinner organized by the local Brussels Jewish refugee aid society in early February 1946. By Eddie's subsequent description: "I sat down at the table. She sat down at the table. We spoke for approximately three hours. I knew, by the end of that dinner, that I was going to marry her."
They were married on April 20, 1946 in a small specific Orthodox Jewish ceremony in Brussels. Both of them were 25. Both of them had lost their parents in Auschwitz. Their marriage would last, very specifically, 75 years and 6 months — until Eddie's death in October 2021. Flore would survive him by only nine months, dying in Sydney on July 6, 2022, at age 98.
July 13, 1950: Landing in Sydney, Australia
The small specific reason Eddie and Flore Jaku ended up in Sydney, Australia — and not in the United States, or Canada, or Israel, the three other major postwar destinations for European Jewish survivors — was the small specific bureaucratic fact that, by the late 1940s, the U.S. and Canadian Jewish quotas were exhausted, the Israeli War of Independence had created complications for new immigration, and the small specific Australian Jewish welcome society — organized through the New York-based JOINT (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) — was actively recruiting Holocaust survivors for the Australian visa program.
Eddie, Flore, and their two-year-old son Michael — born in Brussels in 1948 — received their landing permits in March 1950. They sailed from Naples on the small specific Italian passenger ship MS Sorrento in early June 1950. They arrived at Circular Quay in Sydney Harbour on the morning of Thursday, July 13, 1950. Eddie was 30 years old. Flore was 29. Michael was 18 months old. The family had, between the three of them, approximately twelve dollars in U.S. currency, two small suitcases, and Eddie's one small specific leather belt.
Mechanic, Then E. Jaku Real Estate
Eddie Jaku worked, in his first ten years in Sydney, as a precision mechanic at a small specific Sydney engineering firm in the inner-western suburb of Marrickville. Flore worked, simultaneously, as a dressmaker out of the family's small specific rented row house in the inner-eastern suburb of Bondi. Their second son Andre was born in Sydney in 1952. Flore's mother, who had also survived the Belgian Holocaust by hiding, joined them in Sydney in 1954.
By the mid-1960s, Eddie and Flore had saved enough capital to open the small specific real-estate business that would carry them through the rest of their working lives: E. Jaku Real Estate, a small specific neighborhood real-estate office in Bondi Junction. They worked there, together, every single day of the working week, until Eddie was 91 and Flore was 89.
1992: Co-Founding the Sydney Jewish Museum
The small specific transformation of Eddie Jaku from a reserved Sydney Jewish small-business owner to one of the most recognized Holocaust survivor-educators in the English-speaking world began, very specifically, in 1972, when Eddie — then 52 — joined a small group of approximately twenty Sydney Holocaust survivors who had been meeting informally for several years.
That small group would, over the next two decades, become the Australian Association of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and Descendants. It would become the small specific institutional engine that drove the creation, in 1992, of the Sydney Jewish Museum.
The Belt
From the small specific opening day of the Sydney Jewish Museum — Sunday, November 22, 1992 — until the small specific COVID-related closure of the museum in March 2020, Eddie Jaku volunteered there as a Holocaust survivor-educator every single weekday morning for twenty-eight years. He gave, by the museum's subsequent estimate, more than 4,000 separate guided tours to school groups.
Every single tour ended, very specifically, at the same small specific glass display case. The case contained one object: a small, plain, brown leather belt. It was the belt Eddie had been wearing on the morning of February 19, 1944, when he was loaded onto the Mechelen-to-Auschwitz transport. It was the only personal item that had survived the camps with him. He would point to it. He would tell the small specific school children gathered around him that this small specific piece of leather — which had held up his pants in Auschwitz, in Auschwitz-Monowitz, on the death march, in the German forest, and on the American Army transport that had taken him to the Bavarian DP camp in April 1945 — was the small specific physical proof that "a small specific piece of who you were before the bad things happened can survive almost anything, if you hold onto it long enough."
Eddie's central message — repeated to ~4,000 school groups across 28 years
"I do not hate anyone. Hate is a disease which may destroy your enemy, but will also destroy you in the process. Life can be beautiful if you make it beautiful. It is up to you."
May 2019: The TEDxSydney Talk at Age 99
Eddie Jaku gave the small specific TEDxSydney talk that would transform him into a globally recognized inspirational figure on the evening of Friday, May 24, 2019, at the Sydney International Convention Centre, in front of an audience of approximately 5,000 people. He was 99 years old. The talk — titled "The Happiest Man on Earth" — lasted approximately 17 minutes. It received, at its conclusion, what the conference's MC subsequently described as "the longest sustained standing ovation in the history of TEDxSydney."
The talk was uploaded to YouTube the following week. By the end of 2019, it had been viewed approximately 800,000 times. By the end of 2020 — partially helped by the small specific global COVID lockdown that drove enormous audiences to inspirational online content — it had been viewed more than 2 million times.
2020: The Book at Age 100
An Australian publishing executive at Pan Macmillan Australia contacted Eddie Jaku in mid-2019, shortly after the TEDx talk went viral, asking whether he would consider writing a short memoir. Eddie agreed — on the condition that the book be published before his 100th birthday. He spent the next eight months dictating the manuscript to a small specific Macmillan editor over the kitchen table of his Sydney home. The book — "The Happiest Man on Earth" — was published on July 1, 2020, two weeks before Eddie's 100th birthday. It became an immediate Australian #1 bestseller. By the end of 2020, it had been translated into 17 languages and had sold more than 1 million copies worldwide. It won the 2021 Australian Book Industry Award for Biography of the Year.
October 12, 2021: Eddie Died at Age 101
Eddie Jaku died in his sleep, peacefully, at his Sydney home, on the morning of Tuesday, October 12, 2021. He was 101 years old. He had, by the time of his death, lived for 83 years after the night the SS thugs broke down his family's door in Leipzig. He had been married to Flore for 75 years and 6 months. He had, in the past 28 years, taken approximately 4,000 school groups through the small specific Sydney Jewish Museum exhibitions and had pointed approximately 4,000 separate times at the same small leather belt.
His TEDx talk had, by his death, been viewed approximately 2.1 million times. His book had sold approximately 1.4 million copies in 17 languages. His Order of Australia Medal — awarded in 2013 — sat, very specifically, in a small specific display case on the small specific desk in the small specific home office where he had dictated his memoir. Flore Jaku died nine months later, on July 6, 2022, in the same Sydney home, at age 98.
By the Numbers: One Hundred and One Years of Eddie Jaku
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Who was Eddie Jaku?
Eddie Jaku OAM (born Abraham Salomon Jakubowicz on April 14, 1920 in Leipzig, Germany; died October 12, 2021 in Sydney, Australia, at age 101) was a Holocaust survivor, Australian-Jewish community leader, motivational speaker, and author of the international bestseller "The Happiest Man on Earth" (2020).
Q: What camps did he survive?
Eddie survived four concentration camps: Buchenwald (Nov 1938 - May 1939), Gurs in France (1940-1941), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Feb 1944), and Auschwitz-Monowitz IG Farben slave labor (Feb-Jan 1945). He also survived the death march from Auschwitz to Buchenwald in January-February 1945 in which 15,000 prisoners died, escaped into a German forest, and hid for 10 weeks eating slugs and snails until rescued by an American Army patrol of the 80th Infantry Division in April 1945.
Q: Did his family survive?
His parents Isidore and Lina Jakubowicz were murdered in the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau on February 23, 1944, hours after their arrival. His sister Johanna ("Henni"), who was deported with him on the same transport, was selected for slave labor at Birkenau and survived the war, liberated by Soviet forces in Poland in January 1945.
Q: Who was his wife?
Flore Molho, a Greek-Jewish woman who survived the Belgian Holocaust by hiding for 2.5 years in a Brussels convent. They met at a Jewish refugee dinner in Brussels in February 1946 and married on April 20, 1946. Their marriage lasted 75 years and 6 months — until Eddie's death October 2021. Flore died 9 months later in Sydney on July 6, 2022, at age 98.
Q: Did he have children?
Yes. Two sons: Michael (born Brussels 1948) and Andre (born Sydney 1952). Plus grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
Q: When did he move to Australia?
July 13, 1950 — landed at Circular Quay, Sydney Harbour, on the Italian passenger ship MS Sorrento from Naples. Funded by JOINT (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee). With wife Flore (29) and 18-month-old son Michael. Eddie was 30. Family had $12 USD, two suitcases, and Eddie's leather belt from the camps.
Q: What did he do in Australia?
Worked as a precision mechanic in Sydney for ~10 years, then opened E. Jaku Real Estate in Bondi Junction with Flore in the mid-1960s. Worked there together until Eddie was 91 and Flore was 89. Co-founded the Sydney Jewish Museum in 1992 (age 72), volunteered there every weekday morning for 28 years until COVID closure March 2020, giving 4,000+ guided tours to school groups.
Q: What was the leather belt?
The only personal item that survived the camps with Eddie. He was wearing it on February 19, 1944 when loaded onto the Mechelen-to-Auschwitz transport. It held up his pants in Auschwitz, in Monowitz, on the death march, in the forest, on the American Army transport. After his death, the belt remains on permanent display at the Sydney Jewish Museum. Eddie pointed to it at the end of every tour for 28 years.
Q: What was his TEDx Talk?
"The Happiest Man on Earth" at TEDxSydney on May 24, 2019, in front of 5,000 people at the Sydney International Convention Centre. He was 99 years old. Received the longest standing ovation in TEDxSydney history. The talk has been viewed more than 2 million times on YouTube. Famous quote: "I do not hate anyone. Hate is a disease which may destroy your enemy, but will also destroy you in the process."
Q: What about "The Happiest Man on Earth" book?
Published by Pan Macmillan Australia on July 1, 2020, two weeks before Eddie's 100th birthday. Immediate #1 Australian bestseller. Sold 1.4 million copies in 17 languages. Won 2021 Australian Book Industry Award for Biography of the Year. Available at panmacmillan.com.au.
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Sources & Further Reading
Primary biographical sources:
- Wikipedia — Eddie Jaku comprehensive biography
- NPR Obituary — Eddie Jaku, Holocaust survivor and 'happiest man on Earth,' dies at 101
- Pan Macmillan Australia — "The Happiest Man on Earth" official page
- Monash Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation — Eddie Jaku detailed biography
- Aish — The Happiest Man on Earth
The TEDx Talk:
Holocaust education organizations:
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